Relevant Publications:
Wang, C.Y., and Beckermann, C., "A Two-Phase Mixture Model of Liquid-Gas Flow and Heat Transfer in Capillary Porous Media, Part I: Model Formulation," Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, Vol. 36, 1993, pp. 2747-2758.
Wang, C.Y., and Beckermann, C., "A Two-Phase Mixture Model of Liquid-Gas Flow and Heat Transfer in Capillary Porous Media, Part II: Application to Pressure-Driven Boiling Flow Adjacent to a Vertical Heated Plate," Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, Vol. 36, 1993, pp. 2759-2768.
Wang, C.Y., and Beckermann, C., "Single- vs. Dual-Scale Volume Averaging for Heterogeneous Multiphase Systems," Int. J. Multiphase Flow, Vol. 19, 1993, pp. 397-407.
Wang, C.Y., Beckermann, C., and Fan, C., "A Numerical Study of Boiling and Natural Convection in Capillary Porous Media Using the Two-Phase Mixture Model," Numerical Heat Transfer, Part A, Vol. 26, 1994, pp. 375-398.
Wang, C.Y., Beckermann, C., and Fan, C., "Transient Natural Convection and Boiling in a Porous Layer Heated from Below," Heat Transfer 1994, Proceedings of the 10th International Heat Transfer Conference, ed. G.F. Hewitt, Vol. 5, 1994, pp. 411-416.
Wang, C.Y., and Beckermann, C., "Boundary Layer Analysis of Buoyancy-Driven Two-Phase Flow in Capillary Porous Media," ASME J. Heat Transfer, Vol. 117, 1995, pp. 1082-1087.
Sedimentation of solid spheres in a liquid is simulated using a two-phase model (see Ni and Beckermann, Metall. Trans., Vol.22B, June 1991, pp. 349-361). Initially, the rectangular cavity is occupied by a layer of spheres (about 20% volume fraction) in the upper 1/5th of the cavity. Then the spheres are allowed to settle in a gravitational field (no heat transfer). Noteworthy are the fingering seen in the left panel below and the formation of a sediment bed of packed spheres at the bottom at a later time (right panel). The colors indicate the volume fraction solid, with black being zero and red being the packing fraction (about 0.6 for a random packing).