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Publications

Butler, P.B., Lembeck, M.F., and Krier, H., "Modeling of Shock Development and
        Transition to Detonation Initiated by Burning in Porous Propellant Beds," Combustion
        and Flame, Vol. 46, March 1982, pp. 75-93.

Coyne, D.W., Butler, P.B., and Krier, H., "Shock Development from Compression Waves
        Due to Confined Burning in Porous Solid Propellants and Explosives," AIAA
        Aerospace Sciences Meeting, Paper No. 83-0480, Reno, NV, January, 1983, pp. 1-12.

Butler, P.B. and Krier, H., "DDT Analysis for Porous High Energy Propellants,
        Proceedings of 1983 JANNAF Propulsion Systems Hazards Meeting, Los Alamos,
        NM, CPIA Publications, 1983, pp. 145-153.

Simpson, J.A., Krier, H., and Butler, P.B., "Launch Dynamics of Advanced Indirect Fire
        System (AIFS)," Proceedings of the Seventh International Symposium on Ballistics,
        The Hague, The Netherlands, 1983, pp. 1-7.

Butler, P.B., and Krier, H., "Analysis of Deflagration to Shock to Detonation Transition
        (DSDT) in Porous Energetic Solid Propellants," Proceedings of AGARD Conference
        on Energetic Propellants, Conference Proceedings No. 367, Lisse, The Netherlands,
        May 1984, pp. 5-10.

Cudak, C.A., Krier, H., and Butler, P.B., "Transition to Detonation from Rapid-
        Compression (Ramp-Waves) Generated in a Burning Porous Bed," Proceedings of
        JANNAF Propulsion Hazards Subcommittee Meeting, CPIA Publication, 1984, pp. 1-9.

Wang, S.Y., Butler, P.B., and Krier, H., "Non-ideal Equations of State for Combusting and
        Detonating Explosives," Progress in Energy and Combustion Sciences, Vol. 11, Dec.
        1985, pp. 311-332.

Krier, H., Cudak, C.A., Stewart, J.R., and Butler, P.B., "A Model for Shock Initiation of
        Porous Propellants by Ramp-Induced Compression Processes," Proceedings of the 8th
        Symposium (International) on Detonation, July, 1985, pp. 1-10.

Butler, P.B., and Krier, H., "Analysis of Deflagration to Detonation Transition in High-
        Energy Solid Propellants," Combustion and Flame, Vol. 63, Jan., 1986, pp. 31-48.

Panczak, T.D., Butler, P.B., and Krier, H., "Shock Propagation and Blast Attenuation
        Through Aqueous Foams," Journal of Hazardous Materials, Vol. 14, 1987, pp. 321-
        336.

Raspet, R., Butler, P.B., and Jahani, F., "The Reduction of Blast Overpressures from
        Aqueous Foam in a Rigid Confinement," Journal of Applied Acoustics, Vol. 22, 1987,
        pp. 35-45.

Raspet, R., Butler, P.B., and Jahani, F., "The Effect of Material Properties on Reducing
        Intermediate Blast Noise," Journal of Applied Acoustics, Vol. 22, 1987, pp. 243-259.
        Butler, P.B., Haworth, M.E., Elban, W.L., and Coyne, P.J., "Morphological Analysis of         Crystals During Quasi-Static Compaction," JANNAF Propulsion Hazards
        Subcommittee Meeting, CPIA Publication, 1987, pp. 1-10.

Montz, K.W., Butler, P.B., and Beddow, J.K., "Adhesion and Removal of Particulate
        Contaminants in a High Decibel Acoustic Field," Powder Technology, Vol. 55, 1988,
        pp. 133-140.

Han, J.S. and Butler, P.B., "Reliability of Minimum Sample Size for Irregularly Shaped
        Fine Particles," Particulate Science and Technology, Vol. 6, No. 3, 1988, pp. 305-315.

Ah Chin, A.D., Butler, P.B., and Luerkens, D.W., "Influence of Particle Shape on Size
        Measured by the Light Blockage Technique," Powder Technology, Vol. 54, 1988, pp.
        99-105.

Ogle, R.A., Chen, L-D., Butler, P.B., and Beddow, J.K., "An Investigation of Aluminum
        Dust Explosions," Combustion Science and Technology, Vol. 61, 1988, pp. 75-99.

Montz, K.W., Butler, P.B., and Beddow, J.K., "Acoustic Interactions with Surface-Adhered
        Fine Particles," Journal of Applied Acoustics, Vol. 28, 1988, pp. 9-19.

Butler, A.A., Butler, P.B., and Luerkens, D.W., "Single Particle Statistics Derived From
        Light Blockage Instruments," Powder Technology, Vol. 57, 1989, pp. 143-149.

Butler, P.B., Haworth, M.E., Elban, W.L., and Coyne, P.J., "Particle Morphology
        Characterization of Quasi-Statically Compacted Sucrose Powder," Powder Technology,
        Vol. 62, 1990, pp. 171-181.

Butler, P.B., and Schmitt, R.G., "Shock Propagation through a Perfect Gas Entrained with a
        Normal Distribution of Fine Particles," Powder Technology, Vol. 63, 1991, pp. 229-
        240.

Bergan, N.E., Butler, P.B., and Dwyer, H.A., "High-Pressure Thermodynamics in
        Supercritical Oxidation Processes," Proceedings of 2nd Conference (International) on
        Supercritical Fluids, May, Boston, MA, 1991.

Butler, P.B., Bergan, N.E., Bramlette, T.T., Pitz, W.J., and Westbrook, C.K., "Oxidation of
        Hazardous Waste in Supercritical Water: A Comparison of Modeling and
        Experimental Results for Methanol Destruction," The Combustion Institute Western
        States Meeting, March 18, 1991, Boulder, CO.

Schmitt, R.G., Butler, P.B., Bergan, N.E., Pitz, W.J., and Westbrook, C.K., "Destruction of
        Hazardous Waste in a Supercritical Water. Part II: A Study of High Pressure Methanol
        Oxidation Kinetics," The Combustion Institute Western States Meeting, October 13,
        1991, Los Angeles, CA.

Haferman, J.L., Schmitt, R.G., Smith, T.F., and Butler, P.B., "Thermal Radiation Effects on
        a Shocked Particle-Laden Gas," AIAA Journal of Thermophysics and Heat Transfer,
        Vol. 6, 1992, pp. 467-475.

Schmitt, R.G., and Butler, P.B., "Influence of Particle Melting on a Shocked Particle-Laden
        Gas," Powder Technology, Vol. 70, 1992, pp. 163-173.

Kang, J., Butler, P.B., and Baer, M.R., "A Thermomechanical Analysis of Hot Spot
        Formation in Condensed-Phase Energetic Materials," Combustion and Flame, Vol. 89,
        1992, pp. 117-139.

Kang, J., and Butler, P.B., "Hot Spot Formation and Growth to Ignition in Nitramine-Based
        Energet Materials," The Combustion Institute Central States Meeting, April 26, 1992,
        Columbus, OH.

Butler, P.B., Kang, J., and Krier, H., "Modeling Pyrotechnic Combustion in an Automotive
        Airbag Inflator," 5th International Congress of the Groupe de Travail de Pyrotechnie,
        June, 1993, France.

Butler, P.B., Kang, J., and Krier, H., "Numerical Simulation of a Pre-Pressurized
        Pyrotechnic Automotive Airbag Inflator," 5th International Congress of the Groupe de
        Travail de Pyrotechnie, June, 1993, France.

Kang, J., and Butler, P.B., "Shock Initiation of Hydrogen/Oxygen/Argon Bubbles in a
        Nonreactive Liquid Media," Combustion Science and Technology, Vol. 90, 1993, pp.
        173-192.

Butler, P.B., Krier, H.K., Faigle, E.M., Semchena, J.H., and Thompson, R., "Numerical
        Simulation of Passenger-Side Automotive Airbag Inflators," Transactions of SAE:
        Journal of Passenger Cars, Vol. 101, 1993, pp. 1110-1115.

Butler, P.B., Kang, J., and Krier, H., "Modeling and Numerical Simulation of the Internal
        Thermochemistry of an Automotive Airbag Inflator," Progress in Energy and
        Combustion Science, Vol. 19, 1993, pp. 365-382.

Alkam, M.K., and Butler, P.B., "Transient Conjugate Heat Transfer Between an Impinging
        Jet and a Solid Disk," AIAA Journal of Thermophysics and Heat Transfer, Vol. 8, No.
        4, 1994, pp. 664-669.

Berger, J.M., and Butler, P.B., Equilibrium Analysis of Three Classes of Automotive
        Airbag Inflator Propellants, Combustion Science and Technology, Vol. 104, No. 1-3,
        1995, pp. 93-114.

Schmitt, R.G., and Butler, P.B., "Detonation Properties of Gases at Elevated Initial
        Pressures," Combustion Science and Technology, Vol. 106, No. 1-3, 1995, pp. 167-193.

Schmitt, R.G., and Butler, P.B., "Detonation Wave Structure of Gases at Elevated Initial
        Pressures," Combustion Science and Technology, Vol. 107, No. 4-6, 1995, pp. 355-386.

Mazel, P., Saurel, R., Loraud, J.C., and Butler, P.B., "A Numerical Study of Weak Shock
        Wave Propagation in a Reactive Bubbly Liquid," Vol. 6, No. 3-4, Shock Waves, 1996,
        pp. 287-300.

Alkam, M.K., Pai, V.M., Butler, P.B., and Pitz, W.J., "Methanol and Hydrogen Oxidation
        Kinetics in Water at Supercritical States, Vol. 106, Combustion and Flame, 1996, pp.
        110-130.

Bonnett, D.L., and Butler, P.B., "Hot Spot Ignition of Condensed Phase Energetic
        Materials," AIAA Journal of Propulsion and Power, Vol. 12, No. 4, 1996, pp. 680-690.

Parra, T., Butler, P.B., Castro, F., and Rodriguez, M.A., "Numerical Simulation of
        Deflagration to Detonation Transition," International Congress of Finite Volumes for
        Complex Applications, Problems and Perspectives, July, 1996, France.

Blomquist, H., Freesmeier, J.J., Green, P.W., Butler, P.B., and Krier, H., "Current Issues in
        Airbag Inflator Modeling," Proceedings of Airbag 2000 Congress, November, 1996,
        Germany.

Blomquist, H., Freesmeier, J.J., Green, P.W., Butler, P.B., and Krier, H., "Heated-Gas
        Inflator Airbag Inflator Modeling," Proceedings of Airbag 2000 Congress, November,
        1996, Germany.

Greenlee, C.L., and Butler, P.B., Influence of Product Species Selection on
        Thermochemical Equilibrium Calculations, Part I: Energetic Materials, Propellants,
        Explosives and Pyrotechnics, Vol. 22, 1997, pp. 15-22.

Schmitt, R.G., Butler, P.B., and Freesmeier, J.J., "Performance and CO Production of a
        Non-Azide Airbag Propellant in a Pre-Pressurized Gas Generator," Combustion Science
        and Technology, Vol. 122, 1997, pp. 305-350.

Lee, Y.G., Yu, C.S., Chen, L.D., and Butler, P.B., "A Study of Aspiration Effects in
        Reduced-Scale Model Airbag Modules," SAE - International Body Engineering
        Conference, Detroit, Michigan, 1998.

Blomquist, H., Freesmeier, J.J., Green, P.W., and Buttler, P.B., "Inflator Modeling
        Requirements for the Next Generation Airbags," ISATA, Germany, 1998.

Green, P.W., Yu, C.S., Chen, L.D., Butler, P.B., Wang, J.T., and Lee, Y.G., "Experimental
        Analysis of Aspirating Airbag Units," SAE - International Congress, SAE Transactions
        - Journal of Passenger Cars, Detroit, Michigan, 1999.

Saurel, R., Cocchi, J.P., and Butler, P.B., "A Numerical Study of Cavitation in the Wake of
        a Hypervelocity Underwater Projectile," AIAA Journal of Propulsion and Power, Vol.
        15, No. 4, 1999, pp. 513-522.

Freesmeier, J.J., and P.B. Butler "Analysis of a Hybrid Dual-Combustion-Chamber Solid
        Propellant Gas Generator," AIAA Journal of Propulsion and Power, Vol. 15, No. 4,
        1999, pp. 552-561.

Alkam, M.K., and Butler, P.B., "Impingement Heating and Ignition of Condensed-Phase
        Energetic Material," AIAA Journal of Propulsion and Power, Vol. 16, No. 6, 2000, pp.
        1075-1082.

Alkam, M.K., and Butler, P.B., "Analysis of a Pulsed Detonation Thermal Spray Device,"
        Combustion Science and Technology, Vol. 159, 2000, pp. 17-37.

Rahman, S., Smith, T.F., and P.B. Butler, "Overview and Expansion of Program for
        Enhanced Design Experience in 1998-88," 2000 ASEE Annual Conference and
        Exhibition, 2000, St. Louis, MO.

Ramadan, K., and P. B. Butler, "A Two-Dimensional Axisymmetric Flow Model for the
        Analysis of Pulsed Detonation Thermal Spraying," Combustion Science and
        Technology, Vol. 175, No. 9, 2003, pp. 1649-1677.

Ramadan, K., and P. B. Butler, "Analysis of Particle Dynamics and Heat Transfer in
        Detonation Thermal Spraying Systems," Journal of Thermal Spray Technology, Vol.
        13, No. 2, 2004, pp. 248-257.

Ramadan, K., and P. B. Butler, "Analysis of Gas Flow Evolution and Shock Wave Decay
        in Detonation Thermal Spraying Systems," Journal of Thermal Spray Technology, Vol.
        13, No.2, 2004, pp. 239-247.

Ramadan, K., and P. B. Butler, "A Numerical Study of Detonation Wave Attenuation and
        Its Effects in Detonation Thermal Spraying," submitted to, Combustion Science and
        Technology.

The University of Iowa College of Engineering